Mediterranean Diet Reduces IBD Risk

A recent review in Nutrients underscores the potential of the Mediterranean diet (MD) in reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and improving gut health. Researchers highlight nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, and plant-based proteins as pivotal components of this dietary approach, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment strategies.

The Role of Diet in Gut Health

IBD, encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is closely tied to the gut microbiome—microorganisms essential for digestive health. A disrupted microbiome can lead to inflammation, manifesting as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. The MD, rich in olive oil, nuts, legumes, whole grains, vegetables, and fruits, has emerged as a promising dietary tool to combat these conditions. Its high fiber content promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, essential for maintaining a healthy intestinal environment.

In contrast, Western diets high in processed foods are linked to gut microbiome imbalances, exacerbating IBD symptoms.

Key Nutrients in the Mediterranean Diet

The MD incorporates a range of anti-inflammatory and gut-supporting nutrients:

• Carbohydrates and Prebiotics: Compounds like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) support beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. However, their effectiveness in improving clinical symptoms of IBD remains inconsistent.
• Proteins: Plant-based proteins demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, while animal proteins, particularly from red and processed meats, may worsen symptoms. Fermented products like kefir show promise in modulating the gut microbiota.
• Fats: Unsaturated fats from olive oil and omega-3 fatty acids offer protective benefits against inflammation.
• Antioxidants: Nutrients like quercetin, lycopene, and curcumin help combat oxidative stress and improve gut integrity.

Clinical Implications and Future Directions

While the MD has shown promise in reducing inflammation and supporting remission in IBD patients, its mechanisms require further exploration. Personalized approaches that consider genetic, microbiome, and lifestyle factors could refine dietary recommendations for better outcomes.

As an accessible, less restrictive option, the MD not only supports gut health but also promotes long-term adherence, making it a valuable tool in IBD management strategies. Future research and clinical trials will be essential to unlock its full potential in personalized healthcare.

More information: Deleu, S., Becherucci, G., Godny, L., Mentella, M.C., Petito, V., Scaldaferri, F. (2024) The key nutrients in the Mediterranean Diet and their effects in inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review. Nutrients. doi:10.3390/nu16234201. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/23/4201