Unique study offers help for new hips

The computational study by the Brown School of Engineering lab of mechanical engineer Fred Higgs simulates and tracks how hips evolve, uniquely incorporating fluid dynamics and roughness of the joint surfaces as well as factors clinicians typically use to predict how well implants will stand up over their expected 15-year lifetime.

The team’s immediate goal is to advance the design of more robust prostheses.

Ultimately, they say the model could help clinicians personalise hip joints for patients depending on gender, weight, age and gait variations.

Higgs and co-lead authors Nia Christian, a Rice graduate student, and Gagan Srivastava, a mechanical engineering lecturer at Rice and now a research scientist at Dow Chemical, reported their results in Biotribology.

The researchers saw a need to look beyond the limitations of earlier mechanical studies and standard clinical practices that use simple walking as a baseline to evaluate artificial hips without incorporating higher-impact activities.

“When we talk to surgeons, they tell us a lot of their decisions are based on their wealth of experience,” Christian said. “But some have expressed a desire for better diagnostic tools to predict how long an implant is going to last.

“Fifteen years sounds like a long time but if you need to put an artificial hip into someone who’s young and active, you want it to last longer so they don’t have multiple surgeries,” she said.

Higgs’ Particle Flow and Tribology Lab was invited by Rice mechanical and bioengineer B.J. Fregly, to collaborate on his work to model human motion to improve life for patients with neurologic and orthopaedic impairments.

“He wanted to know if we could predict how long their best candidate hip joints would last,” said Higgs, Rice’s John and Ann Doerr Professor in Mechanical Engineering and a joint professor of Bioengineering, whose own father’s knee replacement partially inspired the study. “So our model uses walking motion of real patients.”

Physical simulators need to run millions of cycles to predict wear and failure points, and can take months to get results. Higgs’ model seeks to speed up and simplify the process by analysing real motion capture data like that produced by the Fregly lab along with data from “instrumented” hip implants studied by Georg Bergmann at the Free University of Berlin.

The new study incorporates the four distinct modes of physics — contact mechanics, fluid dynamics, wear and particle dynamics — at play in hip motion. No previous studies considered all four simultaneously, according to the researchers.

One issue others didn’t consider was the changing makeup of the lubricant between bones. Natural joints contain synovial fluid, an extracellular liquid with a consistency similar to egg whites and secreted by the synovial membrane, connective tissue that lines the joint. When a hip is replaced, the membrane is preserved and continues to express the fluid.

“In healthy natural joints, the fluid generates enough pressure so that you don’t have contact, so we all walk without pain,” Higgs said. “But an artificial hip joint generally undergoes partial contact, which increasingly wears and deteriorates your implanted joint over time. We call this kind of rubbing mixed lubrication.”

That rubbing can lead to increased generation of wear debris, especially from the plastic material — an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene — commonly used as the socket (the acetabular cup) in artificial joints. These particles, estimated at up to 5 microns in size, mix with the synovial fluid can sometimes escape the joint.

“Eventually, they can loosen the implant or cause the surrounding tissue to break down,” Christian said. “And they often get carried to other parts of the body, where they can cause osteolysis. There’s a lot of debate over where they end up but you want to avoid having them irritate the rest of your body.”

She noted the use of metal sockets rather than plastic is a topic of interest. “There’s been a strong push toward metal-on-metal hips because metal is durable,” Christian said. “But some of these cause metal shavings to break off. As they build up over time, they seem to be much more damaging than polyethylene particles.”

Further inspiration for the new study came from two previous works by Higgs and colleagues that had nothing to do with bioengineering. The first looked at chemical mechanical polishing of semiconductor wafers used in integrated circuit manufacturing. The second pushed their predictive modelling from micro-scale to full wafer-scale interfaces.

The researchers noted future iterations of the model will incorporate more novel materials being used in joint replacement.